Consumption of benzylpenicillin as a syphilis control indicator

Abstract Syphilis is a disease with compulsory and mandatory notification to the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), with benzathine benzylpenicillin being the treatment of choice. The aim of the study was to compare the consumption of benzylpenicillin benzathine, from the dispensation, between the health regions of a capital in the southern region of the country, according to the georeferencing of notified cases of syphilis. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study of the use of benzylpenicillin benzathine and of reported cases of syphilis. Data on syphilis cases were obtained from notifications made in SINAN, and drug consumption data were obtained from the Municipal Health Department computerized system for Drug Dispensing from January 1st, 2019 to December 31st, 2019. Notifications and drug consumption were georeferenced according to 8 health regions. From the compilation of data, the rates of cases and consumption in relation to the population of each region were calculated. A total of 3188 notifications and a total of 35191 vials of benzathine benzylpenicillin were analyzed. The ratio of vials by SINAN notifications showed that each patient took 11 vials of the drug, which is a higher value if we consider that the complete treatment is 2 to 6 vials per case.

Bird Migration with Visual Avian Navigation & Nest Nidification: The Spatial Linear Geometries Georeferencing Functionality

Problem: Bird migration (eye): Georeferencing procedure with clues, rules, functionalities, and restrictions, for avian navigation and nest nidification.Literature Knowledge: Computer vision (sensor): Robot self-referencing with the Perspective-n- Point pose estimation technique.Aim: Hypothesis introduction and proving (“The birds also follow the same georeferencing procedure like robots in avian navigation and nest nidification”).Methodology: (a) Reference data, images, and photography acquisition and 4-means layering (eBird dataset, Flickr imagery, CORINE land covering, and Volunteered Geographic Information);(b) Image processing; and (c) GIS spatial overlay analysis.Results: Statistical spatial analysis using data of the GIS overlays (the 4 layers). Correlation matrix (Avian navigation and nest nidification in low-density urban areas as these are affected by spatial linear geometries and land cover types).Conclusion: A statistically satisfactory approach to the introduced hypothesis.Potential Applications: Human spatial cognition and movement behavior; Children’s motor control and coordination.

Factors associated with Leishmania infection in dogs and geospatial analysis in the Sertão of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil / Fatores associados à infecção por Leishmania em cães e análise espacial no Sertão da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution that has a major impact on public health. The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of canine infection by Leishmania infantum, the factors associated with the infection and its spatial distribution in the municipality of Mãe D'Água, in the Sertão region of Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 150 dogs for diagnosis by the DPP®, ELISA-S7®, ELISA-EIE® and qPCR assays. The prevalence was calculated considering the positivity in at least two tests. SaTScan® was used for spatial analysis. The prevalence of canine infection with Leishmania was 18.6% (28/150), with the rural area being identified as a risk factor (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.93). The permanence of the dog loose during the night (OR = 0.33) and deworming (OR = 0.30) were identified as protective factors. A risk cluster was formed in the northern region of the urban area. Mãe D'Água showed a pattern of active transmission in the rural area, but VL control measures also need to be carried out in the urban area to prevent human cases and the spread of the disease in the risk zone.

Resumo A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma zoonose com distribuição mundial de grande impacto na saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência da infecção canina por Leishmania infantum, os fatores associados à infecção e sua distribuição espacial no município de Mãe D'Água, na região do Sertão da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 150 cães para diagnóstico pelos ensaios DPP®, ELISA-S7®, ELISA-EIE® e qPCR. A prevalência foi calculada considerando-se a positividade em pelo menos dois testes. O SaTScan® foi utilizado para a análise espacial. A prevalência da infecção canina com Leishmania foi de 18,6% (28/150), sendo a zona rural identificada como fator de risco (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2,93). A permanência do cão solto durante a noite (OR = 0,33) e a vermifugação (OR = 0,30) foram classificadas como fatores de proteção. Um cluster de risco foi formado na região Norte da área urbana. Mãe D'Água apresentou um padrão de transmissão ativa na área rural, porém medidas de controle da LVC também precisam ser realizadas na área urbana para evitar casos humanos e a dispersão da doença na zona de risco.

Spatial distribution of canine Leishmania infantum infection in a municipality with endemic human leishmaniasis in Eastern Bahia, Brazil / Distribuição espacial de infecção canina por Leishmania infantum em um município com leishmaniose humana endêmica no leste da Bahia, Brasil

Abstract Efforts to control a zoonotic disease such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum can be successful if they rely on comprehensive data on animal infection. In Bahia state, Brazil, human VL is endemic, yet some areas have no epidemiological data on canine L. infantum infection and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) to date. We aimed to perform an epidemiological study describing the spatial distribution and characterizing canine L. infantum infection in two districts of the municipality of Muritiba, where human cases have occurred. Brazilian official serodiagnostic protocol (ELISA and immunochromatographic tests), PCR and clinical examination were performed in 351 owned dogs. A seroprevalence of 15.7% (55/351) was found, and L. infantum identified in 88.8% (32/36) of PCR tested samples. Spatial distribution of positive dogs indicated infection in both urban and rural districts. There was no association between seropositivity and sex or breed, but dogs older than 2 years were 3.8 times more likely to be seropositive (95% CI 1.57 - 9.18) than younger dogs. Among seropositive dogs, 80% (44/55) had clinical manifestations of CanL: 75% (33/44) presented dermatopathy, 50% (22/44) emaciation, and 29.5% (13/44) ophthalmopathy. This is the first report on canine seroprevalence and natural L. infantum infection in Muritiba, Bahia.

Resumo O sucesso dos esforços para controlar uma doença zoonótica como a leishmaniose visceral (LV), causada por Leishmania infantum, depende de dados abrangentes sobre a infecção animal. Na Bahia, Brasil, embora a LV humana seja endêmica, diversos municípios, como Muritiba, ainda não dispõem de dados epidemiológicos sobre infecção por L. infantum e leishmaniose canina (LCan). Objetivou-se realizar um estudo epidemiológico para descrever a distribuição espacial e caracterizar a infecção canina por L. infantum em dois distritos de Muritiba, onde notificam-se casos humanos. Foi aplicado o protocolo sorodiagnóstico oficial brasileiro (ELISA e imunocromatografia), PCR e exame clínico em 351 cães domiciliados. Encontrou-se uma soroprevalência de 15,7% (55/351) e positividade de 88,8% (32/36) na PCR para L. infantum. A distribuição espacial dos cães positivos indicou infecção em ambos os distritos, urbano e rural. Não houve associação entre soropositividade e sexo ou raça, mas cães com idade acima de 2 anos foram 3,8 vezes mais soropositivos (IC 95% 1,57 - 9,18). Dentre os cães soropositivos, 80% (44/55) apresentavam manifestações clínicas de LCan: 75% (33/44) apresentavam dermatopatia; 50% (22/44) emagrecimento e 29,5% (13/44) oftalmopatia. Este é o primeiro estudo a determinar a soroprevalência e confirmar a circulação natural de L. infantum e LCan em cães de Muritiba.

OUTBREAK: a user-friendly georeferencing online tool for disease surveillance

The current COVID-19 pandemic has already claimed more than 3.7 million victims and it will cause more deaths in the coming months. Tools that track the number and locations of cases are critical for surveillance and help in making policy decisions for controlling the outbreak. However, the current surveillance web-based dashboards run on proprietary platforms, which are often expensive and require specific computational knowledge. We developed a user-friendly web tool, named OUTBREAK, that facilitates epidemic surveillance by showing in an animated graph the timeline and geolocations of cases of an outbreak. It permits even non-specialist users to input data most conveniently and track outbreaks in real-time. We applied our tool to visualize the SARS 2003, MERS, and COVID19 epidemics, and provided them as examples on the website. Through the zoom feature, it is also possible to visualize cases at city and even neighborhood levels. We made the tool freely available at https://outbreak.sysbio.tools/. OUTBREAK has the potential to guide and help health authorities to intervene and minimize the effects of outbreaks.

Geographic Information System-based association between the sewage network, geographical location of intermediate hosts, and autochthonous cases for the estimation of risk areas of schistosomiasis infection in Ourinhos, São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Ourinhos is a municipality located between the Pardo and Paranapanema rivers, and it has been characterized by the endemic transmission of schistosomiasis since 1952. We used geospatial analysis to identify areas prone to human schistosomiasis infections in Ourinhos. We studied the association between the sewage network, co-occurrence of Biomphalaria snails (identified as intermediate hosts [IHs] of Schistosoma mansoni), and autochthonous cases. METHODS: Gi spatial statistics, Ripley's K12-function, and kernel density estimation were used to evaluate the association between schistosomiasis data reported during 2007-2016 and the occurrence of IHs during 2015-2017. These data were superimposed on the municipality sewage network data. RESULTS: We used 20 points with reported IH; they were colonized predominantly by Biomphalaria glabrata, followed by B. tenagophila and B. straminea. Based on Gi statistics, a significant cluster of autochthonous cases was superimposed on the Christoni and Água da Veada water bodies, with distances of approximately 300 m and 2200 m from the points where B. glabrata and B. straminea were present, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The residence geographical location of autochthonous cases allied with the spatial analysis of IHs and the coverage of the sewage network provide important information for the detection of human-infection areas. Our results demonstrated that the tools used for direct surveillance, control, and elimination of schistosomiasis are appropriate.

Demographic and spatial study of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, during 2007-2018

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis has a broad worldwide distribution and constitutes a public health problem in the Northeast of Brazil. Located in this region is the state of Alagoas, where the disease is endemic in humans and where there has been a significant increase in the number of positive dogs. The objective of this study was to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of the cases of human VL in the state of Alagoas with the aim of identifying transmission risk areas in the period from 2007 to 2018. METHODS: The data available in the National Disease Notification System (SINAN-NET) were used. The Bayesian incidence rate and the Moran's global index were calculated using the Terra View 4.2.2 program, and the maps were created using QGIS2.18.0. RESULTS: From the 102 municipalities, 68.6% (n= 70) had at least one notified case of VL in the years of study. A total of 489 cases were registered, with an average of 40.7 cases per year and an incidence rate of 1.25/100,000 inhabitants. The highest number of confirmed cases (105) occurred in 2018. Male individuals and children between 1-4 years old were the most affected, and 64% of the cases were in rural areas. Spatial dependence was detected in all the intervals except for the first triennium, and clusters were formed in the west of the state. CONCLUSIONS: Alagoas presented an accentuated geographical expansion of VL, and it is necessary to prioritize areas and increase surveillance actions and epidemiological control.

Prevalência e distribuição espacial da ocorrência de helmintos em primatas não humanos de vida livre no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / [Prevalence and spatial distribution of the occurrence of helminths in free-living nonhuman primates in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]

Seiscentos primatas neotropicais foram submetidos a exames post mortem para avaliação da prevalência parasitária de helmintos gastrointestinais. Foram examinados 556 calitriquídeos (Callithrix spp.), 23 bugios (Alouatta guariba), 19 macacos-pregos (Sapajus nigritus), um mico-leão-dourado (Leontopithecus rosalia) e um mico-leão-da-cara-dourada (Leontopithecus chrysomelas). Do total de 600 animais, foram encontrados espécimes parasitos pertencentes aos filos Acanthocephala, Nemathelmintes e Platyhelminthes (classes Trematoda e Cestoda) em 110 primatas. A prevalência de primatas positivos para, pelo menos, uma espécie de helminto foi de 18,3% (110/600), sendo destes 83,6% (92/110) calitriquídeos, 8,2% (9/110) bugios, 6,4% (7/110) macacos-pregos, 0,9% (1/110) mico-leão-dourado e 0,9% (1/110) mico-leão-da-cara dourada. Em 80,4% (74/92) dos calitriquídeos foram encontrados nematoides Primasubulura sp. e em 1,1% (1/92) nematoides Trypanoxyuris callithrix, em 26,1% (24/92) acantocéfalos (Pachysentis sp.) e em 5,4% (5/92) digenéticos (Platynosomum sp.); em 77,8% (7/9) dos bugios foram encontrados nematoides (Trypanoxyuris minutus), em 11,1% (1/9) acantocéfalos (Pachysentis sp.) e em 11,1% (1/9) cestoides (Bertiella sp.); em 14,3% (1/7) dos macacos-pregos foram encontrados nematoides (Physaloptera sp.), em 28,6% (2/7) acantocéfalos (Prostenorchis sp.) e em 14,3% (1/7) digenéticos (Platynosomum sp.) e no mico-leão-da-cara-dourada foram encontrados acantocéfalos (Prostenorchis sp.). Foi realizado o georreferenciamento dos pontos de encontro dos cadáveres para pontuar a distribuição dos helmintos por região.(AU)

Six hundred neotropical primates underwent postmortem examinations to evaluate the parasitic prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths. Fifty-five callitrichids tamarins (Callithrix spp.), 23 howlers (Alouatta guariba), 19 nail monkeys (Sapajus nigritus), a golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) and a golden-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) were examined. Parasitic specimens belonging to phylums Acantocephala, Nemathelmintes and Platyhelmintes (Trematoda and Cestoda Classes) were found. The prevalence of primates positive for at least one species of helminth was 18.3% (110/600), of which 83.6% (92/110) callitrichids, 8.2% (9/110) howler monkeys, 6.4% (7/110) capuchin monkeys, 0.9% (1/110) golden lion tamarin and 0.9% (1/110) golden faced lion tamarin. In 80.4% (74/92) of callitrichids nematodes (Primasubulura sp.) were found, and in 1.1% (1/92) nematodes (Trypanoxyuris callithricis), in 26.1% (24/92) acanthocephalus (Pachysentis sp.) and 5.4% (5/92) digenetics (Platynosomum sp.); in 77.8% (7/9) of howler monkeys presented nematodes (Trypanoxyuris minutus), 11.1% (1/9) acanthocephalus (Pachysentis sp.) and 11.1% (1/9) cestoids (Bertiella sp.); in 14.3% (1/7) of capuchin monkeys presented nematodes (Physaloptera sp.), 28.6% (2/7) acanthocephalus (Prostenorchis sp.) and 14.3% (1/7) digenetics (Platynosomum sp.) and in the golden-faced lion tamarin acanthocephalus (Prostenorchis sp.) were found. Georreferencing of the meeting points of the cadavers was performed in order to punctuate the distribution of helminths by region.(AU)

Análisis de umbral: técnica diferencial en la interpretación de los registros de criminalidad en Colombia (2019) / Threshold Analysis: Differential Technique for Interpreting Criminal Records in Colombia (2019) / Análise limiar: técnica diferem de criminalidade na Colômbia (2019)

Resumen El delito en el mundo se mide con base en indicadores que representan la criminalidad y las cifras de violencia; por tal razón, es importante a nivel jurisprudencial y criminológico establecer los factores dinamizadores del crimen. Esta medición en Colombia presenta varios desafíos para su consolidación; no obstante, el homicidio sigue siendo uno de los delitos más representativos dentro del actuar criminal, no solo por la veracidad de los datos estadísticos que genera, sino porque en la materialización del acto se circunscriben condiciones de índole cognitivo, social y económico asociados a la víctima o el victimario (Brookman, 2005). La metodología está enfocada en explicar, interpretar y aplicar los conceptos desarrollados en el "análisis de umbral", empleando los datos del SIEDCO1. Para el caso de este estudio, los homicidios comunes registrados en el año 2019 en la ciudad de Bogotá se correlacionan con el comportamiento en los últimos cinco años por localidades de esta ciudad, y por departamentos políticos y municipios a nivel nacional. Con lo anterior se dará a conocer otra herramienta de análisis de información que permite la interpretación desde una perspectiva con orientación objetiva. Como resultado, se pudo establecer que el "análisis del umbral" permite combinar datos históricos, promedio y desviación estándar para determinar y orientar de manera metodológica la oportuna toma de decisiones, reconociendo la detección de patrones de criminalidad (positivos y negativos) en los diferentes niveles de desagregación geográfica (regiones, departamentos, municipios, localidades, comunas, barrios, etc.), coadyuvando a la construcción de políticas públicas en materia de convivencia y seguridad, planeación y distribución de los esfuerzos interinstitucionales en contra de las conductas que afectan a la comunidad.

Abstract In the world, crime is measured based on indicators tha represent criminality and figures of violence. For this reason, it is important to establish the driving factors of criminality on a jurisprudential and criminal level. In Colombia, consolidating this measurement poses various challenges. However, homicide remains one of the most representative crimes, not only because of the veracity of the statistical data it generates, but because cognitive, social and economic conditions associated with the victim or aggressor are circumscribed within the action's execution (Brookman, 2005). The methodology is focused on explaining, interpreting and applying the concepts developed in the "threshold analysis" using data from SIEDCO2. In this study's case, common homicides recorded in 2019 in the city of Bogotá were correlated with this city's behavior in the last five years by localities, as well as by political departments and municipalities on a national level. Using the above, another information analysis tool that allows interpreting from an objective perspective will be made known. As a result, it was established that the "threshold analysis" allows combining historical data, averages and standard deviations to methodologically determine and guide timely decision-making, recognizing crime pattern detection (positive and negative) on different levels of geographic disaggregation (regions, departments, municipalities, localities, communes, neighborhoods, etc.), contributing to developing public policies in terms of coexistence and security, and planning and distributing interinstitutional efforts against the conducts that affect the community.

Resumo O delito no mundo é medido com base em indicadores que representam a criminalidade e as cifras de violência; por isso, é importante no nível jurisprudencial e criminológico estabelecer os fatores dinamizadores do crime. Esta medição na Colômbia apresenta vários desafios para sua consolidação; entretanto, o homicídio ainda é um dos crimes mais representativos dentro dos atos criminosos, não só pela veracidade dos dados estatísticos que gera, mas também porque na materialização do ato estão circunscritas as condições de natureza cognitiva, social e económica associadas à vítima ou ao vitimário (Brookman, 2005). A metodologia centra-se em explicar, interpretar e aplicar os conceitos desenvolvidos na "análise limiar", utilizando os dados do SIEDCO3. Para o caso deste estudo, os homicídios comuns registrados em 2019 na cidade de Bogotá correlacionam-se com o comportamento nos últimos cinco anos das localidades desta cidade, e por departamentos políticos e municípios em nível nacional. Com o exposto, será apresentada outra ferramenta de análise de informação que permita a interpretação a partir de uma perspectiva com orientação objetiva. Como resultado, foi possível estabelecer que a "análise limiar" combina dados históricos, média e desvio padrão para determinar e orientar de forma metodológica a oportuna tomada de decisões, reconhecendo a detecção de padrões de criminalidade (positivos e negativos) nos diferentes níveis de desagregação geográfica (regiões, departamentos, municípios, localidades, comunas, bairros, etc.), contribuindo na construção de políticas públicas de convivência e segurança, planejamento e distribuição de esforços interinstitucionais contra comportamentos que afetam a comunidade.

Monitoring of Newcastle disease in poultry at migratory birds landing sites: Mangue Seco and Cacha Pregos between 2013 and 2014 / Monitoramento da doença de Newcastle em aves domésticas nos sítios de pouso de aves migratórias: Mangue Seco e Cacha Pregos entre 2013 e 2014

The poultry industry has been considered one of the most efficient agricultural activities, placing Brazil in the ranking of the largest producers of chicken meat. However, a threat to the poultry production chain is the entrance of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in the country, which would bring huge economic and social losses. Monitoring of the virus was conducted in domestic poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) farms on the migratory birds landing sites Mangue Seco and Cacha Pregos between 2013 and 2014 to control Newcastle disease (NCD) in these locations. Activities in health education, filling the questionnaire to define the sanitary profile of the farms, georeferenced registration and collection of blood samples, cloacal and tracheal swabs of the backyard birds were the epidemiological surveillance actions performed. A total of 133 serum samples were analyzed in Mangue Seco and 81 in Cacha Pregos. The results showed that both Mangue Seco (63.4%) and Cacha Pregos (88.9%) presented reactive animals for the NDV. The results of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and viral isolation analyses were negative, proving that the domestic poultry were not eliminating the virus at the time of sample collection. The high percentage of reactive animals by indirect ELISA test in both epidemiological units studied suggests the presence of NDV circulating lentogenic strain, since there was no death registration and the birds did not have characteristic symptoms of the disease.(AU)

A avicultura tem sido considerada uma das atividades agrícolas mais eficientes, colocando o Brasil no ranking dos maiores produtores de carne de frango. No entanto, uma ameaça à cadeia produtiva da avicultura é a entrada do vírus da doença de Newcastle (NDV) no país, o que acarretaria enormes prejuízos econômicos e sociais. O monitoramento do vírus foi realizado em granjas de aves domésticas (Gallus gallus domesticus) nos locais de desembarque de aves migratórias de Mangue Seco e Cacha Pregos entre 2013 e 2014 para controlar a doença de Newcastle (DCNT) nesses locais. Atividades de educação em saúde, preenchimento de questionário para definição do perfil sanitário das fazendas, cadastro georreferenciado e coleta de amostras de sangue e swabs cloacal e traqueal de aves de quintal foram as ações de vigilância epidemiológica realizadas. Um total de 133 amostras de soro foram analisadas em Mangue Seco e 81 em Cacha Pregos. Os resultados mostraram que tanto Mangue Seco (63,4%) quanto Cacha Pregos (88,9%) apresentaram animais reativos para o NDV. Os resultados da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) e das análises de isolamento viral foram negativos, comprovando que as aves domésticas não estavam eliminando o vírus no momento da coleta das amostras. O alto percentual de animais reativos pelo teste ELISA indireto em ambas as unidades epidemiológicas estudadas sugere a presença de cepa lentogênica circulante de NDV, uma vez que não houve registro de óbito e as aves não apresentavam sintomas característicos da doença.(AU)

Georreferenciamento e políticas públicas de acesso à fisioterapia na atenção primária na cidade de Parnaíba-PI / Georeferencing and public policies for access to physical therapy in primary care in Parnaíba-PI

INTRODUÇÃO: O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) é uma política pública construída em um contexto de dimensões políticas, tecnológicas e sociais. Embora muito se tenha avançado no SUS, a ampliação do acesso à fisioterapia na atenção primária ainda é um dos seus grandes desafios. A distribuição espacial dos usuários pode fornecer importantes informações sobre políticas públicas voltadas para atenção primária á saúde. OBJETIVO: Analisar a distribuição espacial de usuários do SUS em busca de tratamento no Serviço Escola de Fisioterapia da Universidade Federal do Piauí (SEF-UFPI). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva documental, quantitativa e retrospectiva. Pacientes com queixas musculoesqueléticas que buscaram tratamento fisioterapêutico no SEF-UFPI nos anos de 2010 a 2017 foram mapeados por meio de georreferenciamento espacial. RESULTADOS: 1476 prontuários foram identificados em 32 bairros distintos. 63% dos pacientes atendidos foram provenientes dos sete bairros mais próximos do SEF-UFPI. A maioria (n=924) dos pacientes era do sexo feminino, com queixas de dores crônicas nos membros inferiores. A cidade de Parnaíba-PI possui aproximadamente 155.000 habitantes e apenas quatro fisioterapeutas cadastrados como membros do NASF. CONCLUSÃO: O elevado fluxo de pacientes que buscaram atendimento fisioterapêutico é proveniente de áreas cobertas pela estratégia de saúde da família. A ausência de fisioterapeutas nestas equipes indica a necessidade urgente de reformulação das políticas públicas de acesso à reabilitação física na atenção primária.

INTRODUCTION: The Unified Health System (SUS) is a public policy built in a context of political, technological and social dimensions. Although much progress has been made in SUS, expanding access to physical therapy in primary care is still one of its major challenges. The spatial distribution of users can provide important information on public policies focused on primary health care. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial distribution of SUS users seeking treatment at the School of Physical Therapy Service of the Federal University of Piauí (SEF-UFPI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a descriptive, quantitative and retrospective research. Patients with musculoskeletal complaints who sought physiotherapeutic treatment at the SEF-UFPI in the years 2010 to 2017 were mapped using spatial georeferencing. RESULTS: 1476 records were identified in 32 different neighborhoods. 63% of patients attended came from the seven nearest neighborhoods of SEF-UFPI. The majority (n=924) of the patients were female, with chronic lower limb pain complaints. Parnaíba's city has approximately 155.000 inhabitants and only four physiotherapists registered as a NASF's members. CONCLUSION: The high flow of patients who sought physiotherapeutic care came from areas covered by family health strategy. The lack of physical therapists on these teams indicate the urgent need for public policies reformulation to access physical rehabilitation in primary care.

O mapa da saúde e o regime de visibilidade contemporâneo / Health maps and the contemporary visibility regime

Resumo Este artigo analisa a articulação entre território, acesso e tecnologias em saúde. O objetivo é colocar em análise o mapa da saúde a partir da relação entre regime de visibilidade e tecnologias de vigilância em saúde. O percurso da reflexão apoia-se na problematização do georreferenciamento no campo da saúde para monitoramento e vigilância dos fluxos de circulação de pessoas no espaço urbano como estratégia biopolítica. A análise perpassa, portanto, a problematização de técnicas de mapeamento do campo da saúde para pensar formas de controle e regulação populacional como processos não naturais que permitem certas formas de articulação entre acesso, território e tecnologias em saúde. Deste modo, o artigo segue o itinerário: (1) analisa o território como um dos elementos que constituem um dispositivo no campo da saúde; (2) discute como a vigilância está implicada nas estratégias de mapeamento na saúde a partir dos primeiros mapas biossociais; (3) aborda a relação entre georreferenciamento e tecnologias de vigilância em saúde como estratégia biopolítica.

Abstract This article analyzes the articulation between territory, access, and technologies in health. The objective is to analyse the health map based on the relationship between visibility regime and health surveillance technologies. The course of reflection is based on the problematization of the use of the georeferencing in the field of health for the monitoring and surveillance of people circulation flows in urban space as a bio-political strategy. The analysis, therefore, involves the problematization of mapping techniques in the health field to think of forms of population control and regulation as unnatural processes that allow certain forms of articulation between access, territory, and health technologies. In this way, the article follows the itinerary: (1) analyses the territory as one of the elements that constitute a device in the field of health; (2) discusses how surveillance is implicated in health mapping strategies from the first biosocial maps; (3) approaches the relationship between georeferencing and surveillance technologies as biopolitical strategy.

Identification of Zika virus in immature phases of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: a surveillance strategy for outbreak anticipation

A progressive increase in the circulation of arboviruses in tropical countries has been observed, accounting for 700,000 yearly deaths in the world. The main objective of this article was to identify the presence of Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV), and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses in immature stages of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Household collections of immature phases of the vectors were carried out in the years 2015 and 2016. A total of 2902 dwellings were visited and the rate of infestation with larvae and pupae of Aedes mosquitoes was 283/1462 (19.4%) in March 2015 and 55/1440 (3.8%) in June 2015. In March 2015, 907 larvae/pupae were collected (583 or 64.3% of Ae. aegypti and 324 or 35.7% of Ae. albopictus) while in June 2015 there was a reduction in the number of immature forms found: 197 larvae/pupae (121 or 61.4% of Ae. aegypti and 76 or 38.6% of Ae. albopictus). This reduction was accompanied by a decrease in suspected human ZIKV cases from March to June 2015. The RT-qPCR performed in 18 pools identified that three (two of Ae. aegypti and one of Ae. albopictus) were positive for ZIKV, and none were positive for DENV or CHIKV. Our findings demonstrated that ZIKV was present in immature stages of insect vectors in the study region at least five months prior to the peak of ZIKV associated cases. Xenomonitoring of immature phases of the vectors may prove useful for predicting outbreaks.

Escorpionismo no interior da Amazônia: geoespacialização e aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos / Scorpion envenomation in Amazon: Geospatialization and clinical-epidemiological aspects

Introdução: No Oeste do Pará os acidentes escorpiônicos evidenciam um quadro diverso das demais regiões do país, com manifestações neurológicas singulares, que acometem indistintamente todas as idades. Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição espacial e os aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos dos acidentes escorpiônicos no 9º e 10º Centro Regional de Saúde do Estado do Pará. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa observacional, descritiva, retrospectiva e prospectiva, com abordagem quantitativa, realizada em duas etapas. A primeira etapa teve delineamento retrospectivo e baseou-se em fichas de notificação dos municípios pertencentes ao 9º e 10º Centro Regional de Saúde, no período de 2011 a 2015, e prontuários de pacientes atendidos no Hospital Municipal de Santarém (HMS), em 2016. A segunda etapa, prospectiva, foi realizada por meio de pesquisa de campo junto aos indivíduos acometidos pelo agravo, no período de março a setembro de 2017. Testes estatísticos viabilizaram a análise descritiva e inferencial, além de realizar-se análise espacial. Resultados: Entre 2011 a 2015 foram notificados 6.997 casos de escorpionismo na região, sendo o último ano o que apresentou maior incidência, com 1.470 (21,0%) casos. O estudo prospectivo acompanhou 259 vítimas de escorpionismo em 18 municípios da região, uma vez que os municípios de Curuá e Faro não registraram casos. O perfil das pessoas acometidas revela maior concentração de casos na faixa etária entre 16 a 30 anos (29,0%), sexo masculino (69,0%), agricultores (34,0%), com renda até um salário mínimo (61,0%) e ensino fundamental incompleto (58,0%). A zona rural foi a área de maior ocorrência de casos (78%), principalmente ocorridos durante atividades laborais (42,0%). Os dados evidenciam vulnerabilidade individual e social dos indivíduos acometidos. Também verificou-se que, para a maior parcela dos casos, o intervalo de tempo entre a picada e a assistência foi de 1 a 3 horas (36,3%). As mãos (52,0%) foram os locais mais acometidos. As manifestações locais mais comuns foram: dor (99,0%), sensação de choque elétrico (51,0%) e parestesia (50,0%). As manifestações sistêmicas prevalentes reuniram sensação de choque elétrico (57,1%), formigamento (52,1%) e ataxia de marcha (34,3%). As manifestações neuromusculares duraram em média 24 horas. Houve diferença entre o tempo de atendimento levando em consideração a gravidade do caso. As espécies T. obscurus, T. strandi, T. silvestris foram as responsáveis pelos acidentes na região. A análise espacial revelou que 12 municípios apresentaram alto risco para o agravo. A maioria dos acidentes acompanhados foram classificados como leves (56,4%). Todos os pacientes evoluíram favoravelmente. Conclusão: O estudo apresenta importante achado, ao constatar que outras espécies de Tityus também foram responsáveis pelos acidentes que evidenciaram manifestações neuromusculares, com destaque para a sensação de choque elétrico. O estudo também contribui para que os profissionais de saúde reconheçam as características dos sinais e sintomas compatíveis com o agravo. A identificação do risco para o agravo, nos vários municípios em que ocorreu o estudo, demonstra a necessidade de que a população seja instrumentalizada a respeito de práticas de prevenção, destacando-se que o escorpionismo, na região em que ocorreu o estudo, acomete os grupos com maior vulnerabilidade individual e social.

Introduction: The accidents with scorpion envenomation in the West region of Pará evidence a diverse clinical picture of the other regions of Brazil with singular neurological manifestations affecting indiscriminately all ages. Objectives: Analyze the spatial distribution and clinical and epidemiological aspects of accidents with scorpions in the 9th and 10th Regional Health Center of the state of Pará, Brazil. Method: This is an observational, descriptive, retrospective and prospective research with a quantitative approach, held in two stages. The first stage had a retrospective design and was based on notification forms from the municipalities within the 9th and 10th Regionals of Health in the years 2011 to 2015 and on medical records of scorpion envenomation patients attended at Santarém City Hospital in 2016. The second stage was prospective and was a field research carried out with individuals affected by this accident from March through September 2017. In addition to a spatial analysis, statistical tests were applied making it possible to achieve a descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: During the period of 2011 and 2015, 6,997 cases of scorpion envenomation were reported in the region studied. The last year (2015) of the period presented highest incidence with 1,470 (21.0%) cases. The prospective study followed 259 victims of scorpion envenomation in 18 of the 20 municipalities in the region studied, once the municipalities of Curuá and Faro did not report any cases. The profile of the people affected shows a higher concentration of cases in the age group between 16 and 30 years (29,0%), males (69.0%), farmers (34.0%), with income up to one minimum wage (61.0%), and incomplete elementary school (58.0%). The rural area had the higher occurrence of cases (78%), mainly during labor activities (42.0%). Data demonstrate individual and social vulnerability of the affected individuals. It was also found that for the most of the cases the time between the sting accident and medical assistance was of 1 to 3 hours (36.3%). Hands (52.0%) were the most affected sites. The most common local symptoms were: pain (99.0%), sensation of electric shock (51.0%) and paresthesia (50.0%). The prevalent systemic signs were a sensation of electric shock (57.1%), tingling (52.1%) and gait ataxia (34.3%). The neuromuscular manifestations of the victims lasted on average 24 hours. Happened Difference between the time of attendance taking into account the severity of the case. It was demonstrated the relation between the time elapsed till medical assistance and the consequent aggravation of the case. The accidents were caused by the species T. obscurus, T. strandi, T. silvestris in the region studied. The spatial analysis revealed that twelve municipalities have a high risk for the aggravation. Most of the accidents followed were classified as light (56.4%). All patients evolved favorably. Conclusion: The study presents an important finding, pointing that other species of Tityus were also responsible for the accidents that evidenced neuromuscular manifestations, featured the sensation of electric shock. The study also helps health professionals to recognize the signs and symptoms compatible with the aggravation. The identification of the risk to the aggravation, in the various municipalities in which the study occurred, demonstrates the need for the population to be instrumentalized regarding prevention practices, highlighting that the scorpion envenomation, in the region where the study occurred, affects the groups with greater individual and social vulnerability.

Georeferencing of deaths from sepsis in the city of São Paulo

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to obtain information about deaths due to sepsis in São Paulo from 2004 to 2009 and their relationship with geographical distribution. Methods Causes of death, both main and secondary, were defined according to the codes of the International Classification of Disease version 10 (ICD-10) contained in the database. Sepsis, septic shock, multiple organ failure, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, peritonitis and other intraabdominal infections, skin and soft tissue infections (including surgical wound infection) and meningitis were considered as immediate cause of death or as the condition leading to the immediate cause of death related or associated to sepsis. Results In the analyzed period, there was a 15.3% increase in the absolute number of deaths from sepsis in São Paulo. The mean number of deaths during this period was 28,472 ± 1566. Most deaths due to sepsis and sepsis-related diseases over the studied period occurred in a hospital or health care facility, showing that most of the patients received medical care during the event that led to death. We observed a significant concentration of deaths in the most populous regions, tending more toward the center of the city. Conclusions Georeferencing data from death certificates or other sources can be a powerful tool to uncover regional epidemiological differences between populations. Our study revealed an even distribution of sepsis all over the inhabited areas of São Paulo.

Prevalência, distribuição espacial e fatores de risco para cisticercose bovina no estado de São Paulo / Prevalence, spatial distribution and risk factors for cattle cysticercosis in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution as well as the factors and areas of risk associated with bovine cysticercosis in the State of São Paulo. 34.443 cattle, males and females with ages from 18 to 60 months were inspected. The animals were from 97 cities in the state of São Paulo and identified and slaughtered in the period October 2010 to August 2011, in a refrigerator located in Ipuã - SP, under the supervision of SIF 1387. The state of São Paulo was divided into regional centers, and the data of the municipalities belonging to its core, were grouped according to the Department of Agriculture and Food Supply of São Paulo, totaling 13 cores studied. Based on these results, we can conclude that of the 97 cities analyzed, cattle were found positive for the disease in 86. The average prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in the state of São Paulo was 4.80 %, while the core inflation Franca and Barretos were the ones with the highest number of cases illness during the analysis period. Moreover, the largest number of cases in these core coincided with the lowest human development index covering education, with the largest acreage of coffee (core Franca) and also as the largest area of cane sugar grown (core Barretos) in these locations, which in turn may indicate that the presence of labor, temporary labor in rural areas , combined with socioeconomic/cultural factors might contribute to the spread and establishment of bovine cysticercosis in these áreas.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a prevalência, a distribuição geográfica bem como os fatores e áreas de risco associados à cisticercose bovina no Estado de São Paulo. Foram inspecionados 34.443 animais, machos e fêmeas e com faixas etárias variando entre 18 a 60 meses. Os bovinos eram procedentes de 97 municípios do Estado de São Paulo, devidamente identificados e abatidos no período de outubro de 2010 a agosto de 2011, em um frigorífico localizado na cidade de Ipuã-SP, sob supervisão do SIF 1387. O estado de São Paulo foi dividido em núcleos regionais, e os dados dos municípios pertencentes ao respectivo núcleo, foram agrupados, conforme a Secretaria de Abastecimento e Agropecuária de São Paulo, totalizando 13 núcleos estudados. Com base nos resultados encontrados, pode-se concluir que dos 97 municípios analisados, foi possível encontrar bovinos positivos para a enfermidade em questão em 86. A prevalência média de cisticercose bovina no estado de São Paulo foi de 4,80%, sendo que os núcleos de Franca e Barretos foram os que tiveram maior número de casos da enfermidade durante o período analisado. Além disso, o maior número de casos nestes núcleos coincidiu com o menor índice de desenvolvimento humano referente à educação, com a maior área de plantio de café (núcleo de Franca) e também como a maior área de cana-de-açúcar cultivada (núcleo de Barretos) nestes locais, o que por sua vez pode indicar que a presença da mão-de-obra temporária no meio rural, aliado a aspectos socioeconômico/cultural, pode estar contribuindo para a disseminação e estabelecimento da cisticercose bovina nestas áreas.

Distribución espacial de los casos de traumatismos craneoencefálicos atendidos en unidades de referencia en Salvador, Bahía, Brasil / Spatial distribution of traumatic brain injury cases seen at the trauma units of reference in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Se realizó un estudio exploratorio con pacientes que sufrieron traumatismos cráneoencefálicos (TCE) entre el 31 de julio del 2007 y el 1 de agosto del 2008. Se analizó la distribución espacial de los casos atendidos en la unidad de referencia para traumatismos de la Región Metropolitana de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil. Los domicilios residenciales y los lugares de ocurrencia de los TCE fueron geocodificados por medio del dispositivo receptor Global Positioning System (GPS) y se realizó la agregación espacial de los casos por medio de la técnica de conglomerados jerárquicos de vecinos más próximos utilizando el aplicativo CrimeStat® 3.2. Los casos de TCE no se distribuyeron de forma aleatoria sino formando conglomerados, tanto en relación con los domicilios de residencia como con el lugar de ocurrencia. Muchos de los conglomerados se identificaron en áreas distantes de los lugares de atención a la urgencia y de los lugares en que se ofrece rehabilitación multiprofesional, por lo que la distribución espacial de los servicios de salud, en relación con los lugares de ocurrencia de los TCE, revela inequidades.

An exploratory study was performed with patients who suffered traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in the period from July 31, 2007 to August 1, 2008. The spatial distribution of the TBI cases seen at the trauma unit of reference in the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil was analyzed. Both the residential addresses and places of occurrence were geocoded by means of GPS receiver devices. The spatial aggregation of cases was evaluated using the nearest neighbor hierarchical clustering technique in the CrimeStat® 3.2 program. TBI cases were not randomly distributed; rather, they formed clusters in relation to both place of residence and place of occurrence of the trauma. Many of the clusters were identified in areas far removed from the locations of emergency services as well as from the locations where multi-professional rehabilitation is offered. Thus, the spatial distribution of the health services, in relation to the places of occurrence of TBI, reveals inequalities.

Agricultural exploitation impact on the quality of natural waters in the trout-breeding region of the Mantiqueira ecological corridor / Impacto da exploração agropecuária na qualidade de águas naturais em região de truticultura no corredor ecológico da Mantiqueira

Seasonal assessment of water quality was undertaken in an agricultural cattle-raising and trout-breeding region. Seventeen sites were sampled in ten municipalities close to the Papagaio and Ibitipoca State Parks in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Landsat 5 satellite images and Spotmap mosaic images with resolution of 2.5 m were employed to correlate classes of land use and topographic characteristics with the environmental contamination index of the water bodies at these sites. Results show a change in hydric classification of three sites evaluated. During the rainy season, sites 3, 7 and 17 were classified as class 3 according to CONAMA regulations, whereas the other sites were classified as class 2. During the dry season, sites 10 and 11 belonged to class 3 and the others to class 2. Literature and analysis of images and visits on the area showed that the principles of sustainable farming were not being followed in the region. Current research may be a tool for planning the preservation of natural resources. Results indicate there is a need for specific planning for fish farming and agriculture in the region for its sustainable economic exploitation.

Realizou-se a avaliação sazonal da qualidade da água, em região de truticultura e agropecuária, por amostragem, em 17 pontos, dez municípios, em torno dos parques estaduais do Papagaio e do Ibitipoca em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Usando imagens gratuitas Landsat 5 e imagens de mosaico Spotmap, resolução de 2,5 m, correlacionando as classes de uso da terra e características topográficas com o índice de contaminação ambiental dos corpos d'água nesses pontos. Os resultados mostram alteração da classificação hídrica de três dos pontos avaliados. Na época das chuvas, os pontos 3, 7 e 17 foram classificados como classe 3, de acordo com as normas do Conama (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente), enquanto os outros pontos foram 2. Durante a estação seca, os pontos 10 e 11 eram de classe 3 e os outros como classe 2. A revisão de literatura, com a análise das imagens e visitas na área, mostrou que os princípios da agricultura sustentável não estão sendo seguidos na área. Este trabalho serve como ferramenta para o planejamento para preservação dos recursos naturais. Os resultados indicam que há a necessidade de um planejamento específico para a criação de peixes e agropecuária na região, permitindo assim sua exploração sustentável.

Prevalência e distribuição espacial da leishmaniose visceral em cães do município de Juatuba, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Prevalence and spatial distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs Juatuba, Minas Gerais, Brazil

O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência e a distribuição espacial da leishmaniose visceral em cães (LVC) do município de Juatuba, Minas Gerais, Brasil, no ano de 2010. Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal por meio de coleta de amostras sanguíneas de 957 cães, definidos aleatoriamente em todos os bairros do município. No diagnóstico sorológico, foram utilizados os testes de Imunofluorescência Indireta (IFI) e Teste de Adsorção Enzimática (ELISA), preconizados pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS). Foram marcadas as coordenadas geográficas dos imóveis participantes da pesquisa para verificar a distribuição espacial dos casos caninos. A prevalência da LVC foi estimada em 10,6%, com variação de 3 a 50%, distribuída em 70,6% dos bairros do município. A distribuição espacial pode ser observada por meio da varredura de agrupamentos e obtida à demarcação das áreas de risco diferenciado perante a ocorrência da doença no município de Juatuba. Foi observado aumento de 2,80 vezes mais chances em adquirir a LVC no cluster primário. A partir deste trabalho, as ações de prevenção e controle à LVC foram feitas de acordo com a especificidade de cada localidade, para evitar a expansão da doença entre os cães e novos casos humanos em Juatuba, Minas Gerais.

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and spatial distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs (VLD) at Juatuba city, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2010. A cross-sectional observational study was performed collecting blood samples from 957 dogs, defined randomly in all city districts. For the sorological diagnosis was used indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), recommended by the Ministry of Health. Geographical coordinates of properties that participated in the survey were marked in order to check the spatial distribution of canine cases. The VLD prevalence was estimated in 10.6%, ranging from 3% to 50.0%, distributed between 70.6% of city districts. Spatial distribution could be observed by scanning the clusters and according to the disease occurrences the demarcation of different risk areas could be obtained. There was an increase of 2.80 times more likely to acquire the VLD on the primary cluster. As of this research the prevention and control actions for VLD were made according to the specificity of each location to prevent the disease spread among dogs and new human cases.

Genotyping and drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains observed in a tuberculosis high-burden municipality in Northeast, Brazil

OBJECTIVES: This study has used a combination of clinical information, spoligotyping, and georeferencing system to elucidate the genetic diversity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates circulating in a TB-prevalent municipality of Northeast Brazil. METHODS: A total of 115 M. tuberculosis strains were isolated from pulmonary tuberculosis patients from January 2007 to March 2008 in Fortaleza. Drug susceptibility and spoligotyping assays were performed and place of residence of the patients were georeferenced. RESULTS: Of the M. tuberculosis strains studied, 51 (44.3%) isolates were resistant to at least one drug (R-TB) and 64 (55.7%) were sensitive to all the drugs tested (S-TB). A high frequency of resistance was found in previously treated cases (84%) and among new cases (16%; p < 0.001). a total of 74 (64%) isolates were grouped into 22 spoligotyped lineages, while 41 (36%) isolates were identified as new. among the predominant genotypes, 33% were latim american mediterranean (lam), 12% haarlem (h), and 5% u. there was no association of geographic distribution of rt-tb patients as compared to the controls and also the geographic location to the spoligotype patterns. the geospatial analysis revealed that 24 (23%) patients (hot spot zones) either shared the same residence or lived in a close neighborhood of a case. among these concentration zones, the patients lived in the same residence and shared a common genotype pattern and resistance pattern. DISCUSSION: it was observed that the spoligopatterns family distribution was similar to that reported for south america, prevailing the lam and h lineages. a high rate-case among the resistant TB group occurs as a result of transmitted and acquired resistance. A more effective surveillance program is needed in order to succeed in reducing tuberculosis in Northeast Brazil.